How do increased government deficits potentially affect interest rates?

Increased government deficits can lead to higher interest rates primarily due to the relationship between government borrowing and the supply and demand for credit in the economy. When the government runs a deficit, it needs to borrow money to cover its expenses, which often involves issuing bonds. As the government offers more bonds to the market, it increases the supply of securities that investors can purchase.

When the supply of government bonds increases, the price of these bonds tends to fall, which is inversely related to their yields. As bond prices decrease, the yields (or interest rates) on those bonds increase, making borrowing more expensive for both the government and potentially for private borrowers as well. This phenomenon is described by the "crowding out" effect, where increased government borrowing can lead to a reduction in private sector investment because higher interest rates discourage businesses and consumers from borrowing.

Thus, the relationship between government deficits and interest rates is rooted in the basic principles of supply and demand in the credit market, leading to the conclusion that increased government deficits are likely to increase interest rates.