How is a recession generally defined?

A recession is generally defined as a decline in economic activity lasting several months, and this definition aligns with the throes of economic contractions characterized by reduced consumer demand, lower production levels, and increased unemployment rates. During a recession, economic indicators such as GDP, employment, and retail sales consistently show negative trends, indicating an overall slowdown in economic performance.

This definition captures the essence of a recession as it emphasizes the duration and breadth of the economic downturn. Essentially, for an economy to be labeled as in a recession, it typically needs to experience two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth, among other indicators.

The other options present scenarios that do not accurately portray a recession. Rapid economic growth indicates robust expansion rather than decline, while a short-term fluctuation in employment rates may not reflect the sustained downturn typical of a recession. Similarly, an increase in consumer spending suggests economic improvement rather than a recessionary condition. Thus, the correct understanding of the term reflects a comprehensive view of economic activity over a specific duration of time.