What interest rate change has the Federal Reserve made to induce banks to keep substantial reserves?

The Federal Reserve has utilized the strategy of paying banks an interest rate higher than the federal funds rate to encourage them to maintain substantial reserves. By offering a more attractive interest rate on reserves, the Fed can ensure that banks find it beneficial to hold onto their reserves instead of lending them out. This behavior helps in stabilizing the banking system and allows the Fed to control the money supply more effectively.

When banks are incentivized to keep larger reserves, it reduces the amount of money circulating in the economy, which can help manage inflationary pressures. The higher interest rate on reserves serves as a tool for the Fed to influence banks’ lending behaviors without directly changing reserve requirements or engaging in more aggressive monetary policy actions. This strategy allows the Fed to exert influence over liquidity and credit conditions in the economy while managing macroeconomic stability.