What is one potential negative effect of government borrowing?

Government borrowing can lead to higher interest rates due to the effects of increased demand for funds in financial markets. When the government borrows heavily, it often issues bonds to finance its spending. As the government competes for a limited supply of available funds, this increased demand can push interest rates upward. Higher interest rates can have a crowding-out effect on private investment; as borrowing costs rise, businesses may postpone or reduce their own investment plans because it becomes more expensive to obtain the necessary financing.

In this context, the connection between government borrowing and interest rates is crucial to understand. Rising interest rates can lead to decreased consumer spending and investment, negatively affecting overall economic growth. This is particularly relevant in scenarios where excessive government debt could lead to concerns about fiscal sustainability, further amplifying the impact on interest rates.

The other potential effects mentioned—such as increased private investment, lower inflation rates, and improved consumer confidence—do not align with the typical outcomes of increased government borrowing. For instance, higher interest rates generally discourage private investment, rather than enhance it.